• Doctrines are established principles, rules, or theories that guide legal reasoning, interpretation, and application. 1. Introduction Doctrines are fundamental ideas that underpin legal systems and help shape judicial decisions. Doctrines often emerge from judicial decisions, statutory interpretation, and legal scholarship. 2. Definition and Purpose Doctrines are Principles of Law. They serve as guiding principles that…

  • Supreme Court judgment on whether it is right to enforce a contractual liability by imprisoning a debtor in the teeth of Art. 11 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. 1. Case Citation Supreme Court: Jolly George Verghese & Anr vs The Bank of Cochin1980 AIR 470, 1980 SCR (2) 913 Bench: Krishna…

  • Supreme Court’s landmark judgment (Justice V.R. Krishna Iyer) on bail or jail. 1. Case Citation Supreme Court – Gudikanti Narasimhulu and Ors vs Public Prosecutor, High Court Of Andhra Pradesh – 1978 AIR 429, 1978 SCR (2) 371. Bench: Justice V.R. Krishna Iyer 2. Judgment ORDER KRISHNA IYER, J.: “Bail or jail ?”- at the…

  • “The survival of our democracy and the unity and integrity of the nation depend upon the realisation that constitutional morality is no less essential than constitutional legality. Dharma lives in the hearts of public men; when it dies there, no Constitution, no law, no amendment, can save it” “A democracy without discipline is a democracy…

  • “The framers of the Constitution were so clear in the federalist papers and elsewhere that they felt an independent judiciary was critical to the success of the nation.” “If you take a position under the Constitution that is against the majority view, you have to explain it well enough that maybe you can persuade some…

  • “The power of Parliament or for that matter, the State Legislatures is restricted in two ways. A law made by Parliament or the legislature can be struck down by courts on two grounds and two grounds alone, viz., (1) lack of legislative competence and (2) violation of any of the fundamental rights guaranteed in Part…

  • “You have to fight every day to protect the rights and opportunities of women and minorities.” “Let me suggest that in any case in which a minority group feels severely aggrieved and desperate enough to turn to violence, society as a whole bears the blame.” “The freedom of speech…is one of the great bulwarks of…


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